Spray-dried collectin compositions and process for preparing the same

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a spray-dried composition comprising as an active ingredient at least one member protein of the collectin family or its functional equivalent for treating and preventing microbial infectious diseases. The present invention also relates to a method for producing the same composition. The composition produced by the method of the present invention is effective in suppressing infections caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Since the composition is developed in a form suitable for inhalation, it can directly provide the active ingredient to the sites of infection from these microbes, and thus treat and prevent respiratory infections and external wounds.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a dry powder collectin compositionwhich comprises one or more collectins. The present invention alsorelates to a method for preparing the dry powder collectin composition,especially a spray-dried powder composition suitable for pulmonaryadministration.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Mannose-binding lectin (“MBL”) is a mammalian serum protein which isinvolved in innate immunity against microbial infections. MBL recognizesthe specific glycosylation patterns of the proteins on the cell surfaceof the infecting microorganism and binds to them to suppress themicrobial infection according to three pathways described below. In thefirst pathway, MBL binds the microbial glycosylated protein to form acomplex, and then activates MBL associated serine proteases (“MASPs”).The MASPs, in turn, cleave the second and fourth complement components(“C4” and “C2”), leading to an activation of the complement system. Inthe second pathway, MBL, bound to the glycosylated microbial cellsurface proteins, serves as an opsonin and directs phagocytosis byneutrophils and macrophages. The same bound MBL can also neutralize theinfectivity of the microbes in the third pathway, blocking theirproliferation. Thus, the most important initial step in the MBL'sdefense against microbial infections is the recognition of and bindingto the microbes.

MBL, a member of the collectin family, shares a common structureconsisting of a collagen domain and a carbohydrate recognition domain(lectin domain) with other members of the family. The MBL monomer has amolecular weight of 32 kDa. It has a C-type carbohydrate recognitiondomain (“CRD”) at the C-terminus, a cysteine-rich region at theN-terminus, and a collagen domain in-between. Three identical MBLmonomeric polypeptides associate to form a triple helical complexthrough their collagen domains. By the disulfide bond formation ofcysteines in the N-terminal region, up to six of the triple helicalcomplex form oligomeric flower bouquet like molecules, consisting ofdimmers, trimers, and so on to hexamers. This triple helix is astructural feature shared by all the collectin family members includingsurfactant proteins A (“SP-A”) and D (“SP-D”), collectin-liver 1(“CL-L1”), and collectin-placenta 1 (“CL-P1”). Thus, these memberproteins belonging to the collectin family all share similarphysicochemical properties. These collectin family proteins have beenknown to share another characteristic of playing an important role inthe pre-immune defense against microbial infections in sera and thepulmonary surface as well (Hans-Jurgen et al, Protein Science, 3:1143,1994). Besides the ones listed above, other family members includecollectin-43 (“CL-43”), collectin-46 (“CL-46”), a bovine conglutinin,and a human conglutinin homolog.

MBL can bind to a wide range of oligosaccharides. As the target sugarsare not normally exposed on mammalian cell surfaces at high densities,MBL does not usually recognize self-determinants, but is particularlywell suited to interactions with microbial cell surfaces presentingrepetitive carbohydrate determinants. MBL most often binds viruses withouter coats (viral envelopes). Representative examples include:influenza virus (Hartshorn, K. L. et al., J. Clin. Invest., 91:1414,1993; Kase, T. et al., Immunol., 97:385, 1999), human immunodeficiencyvirus (“HIV”) (Ezekowitz, R. A. et al., J. Exp. Med., 169:185, 1989;Haurum, J. C. et al., AIDS, 7:1307, 1993), herpes virus (Fischer, C. B.et al., Scan. J. Immunol., 39:439, 1994), and SARS corona virus(Ksiazek, T. G. et al., N. Eng. J. Med., 348:1953, 2003; Peiris, J. S.M. et al., Lancet, 361:1319, 2003). Rhinoviruses, responsible for thecommon cold, are expected to be good binders to MBL as well. Amongbacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (Neth, O. et al., Infect. Immunol.,68:688, 2000) and Hemophilus influenzae (Van E. et al., Clin. Exp.Immunol., 97:411, 1994) are reported to be good binders, whereas amongfungi, Candida albicans (Tabona, P. et al., Immunol., 85:153, 1995) isknown to bind MBL.

Among the microbes that bind MBL, influenza virus, rhinovirus, severeacute respiratory syndrome (“SARS”), corona virus, and influenza virusof animal origin cause symptoms mainly through the infection of therespiratory epithelia, whereas S. aureus and H. influenzae infect lungs.S. aureus can also infect external wounds and C. albicans is involved invaginitis. Since treating MBL in a solution phase is not suitable forcuring these respiratory diseases and external wounds, specialformulations are required. Although there have been many studies on MBL,the extent to which MBL is involved in the defense against theinfections in epithelia and external wounds mentioned above is poorlyunderstood. The only relevant study is one reporting a detection of MBLin saliva and breast milk (Tregoat, V. et al., J. Clin. Lab. Anal.,16(6): 304, 2002).

Upon influenza virus infection, the virus proliferates in the epithelialcells that line the surfaces of respiratory organs. Once the virus hasamplified itself inside the infected cell, new virus released from thecell infects neighboring epithelial cells. Thus, it is possible todisrupt contact between an epithelial cell and the virus using MBL whichis capable of recognizing the glycosylated microbial surface proteinsand binding to them. Thus, MBL binding to glycosylated flu virus surfaceprotein, haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, blocks the new virusinfection to the neighboring epithelial cells. In fact, it was observedin cultured cells that physical neutralization by MBL binding wassufficient for blocking microbial infection of neighboring cells. Forexample, MBL added to the culture medium prevented viral infection uponSARS corona virus inoculation of cultured cells (Korean patent gazetteNo. 1020040106194). Similar prevention of infection by MBL has beenobserved for influenza virus as well (Wakamiya, N. et al., Biochem.Biophys. Res. Commun., 187:1270, 1992; Hartley, C. A. et al., J. Virol.,66:4358, 1992; Patrick, C. R. et al., J. Virol., 71:8204, 1997; Kase, T.et al., Immunol., 97:385, 1999).

In order to treat external wounds and respiratory infections with MBL,it is desirable in many ways to formulate the protein into a powder. Apowder formulation is capable of an effective delivery to sites ofinfection, delivers an optimal amount of MBL, lessens side effects dueto its topical application, and reduces the amount used.

Freeze-drying and spray-drying are used in general to formulate proteindrugs into powders. Freeze-drying is most widely employed nowadays.Freeze-drying is suitable for heat-sensitive proteins, but it is notsuitable for producing a uniform powder with a diameter of a fewmicrometers, a form that can be readily inhaled. Freeze-drying alsotends to concentrate proteins locally between the ice crystals whilecooling. This local concentration brings about a rapid change in the pHand ionic strength surrounding the protein to cause protein denaturationand precipitation (Schwartz, P. L. et al., Endocrinology, 92(6):1795,1973; Koseki, T. et al., J. Biochem., 107:389, 1990). In contrast,spray-drying involves spraying a continuous stream of a liquid sample toform microscopically dispersed droplets, while instantaneously dryingthem with hot air at the same time. Spray-drying has been in use forformulating various drugs. Spray-drying has the advantage of producingpowders whose particle sizes are suitable for delivering drugs torespiratory tracts and lungs. Spray-drying also consumes less energy sothat time and cost can be saved at the production line (Broadhead, J. etal., Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 18(11&12):1169, 1992). Since proteins ingeneral are not stable against heat, there are not many cases of proteindrug formulations spray-dried with hot air. There are attempts, however,to apply spray-drying as follows: oxyhemoglobin (Labrude, P. et al., J.Pharm. Sci., 78(3):223, 1989), human growth hormone (Mumenthaler, M. etal., Pharm. Res., 11(1):12, 1994; Bosquillon, C., J. Cont. Rel., 96:233,2004), tissue plasminogen activator (Mumenthaler. M. et al., Pharm.Res., 11(1):12, 1994), DNase (Chan, H. K. et al., Pharm. Res.,14(4):431, 1997), parathyroid hormone (Codrons, V. et al., J. Pharm.Sci., 92(5):938, 2003), and humanized monoclonal antibody, anti-IgE,(Maa, Y. F. et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng., 60(3):301, 1998).

Especially when producing spray-dried protein compositions forrespiratory applications, it is desirable to formulate proteins intopowders with particle sizes of 5 μm or less. The particle size, shapeand water content of such powders are important factors in terms oftreatment efficacy (Hickey, A. J. et al., Pharm. Tech., 18:58, 1994).The major determinants of the physical characteristics of such powdersare mechanical conditions such as the feed velocities for hot air andthe protein solution, temperature and spray pressure (Maa, Y. F. et al.,Pharm. Res., 15(5):768, 1998) as well as the identities andconcentrations of the excipients to the protein solution such as salts,sugars, and proteins (Andya, J. D. et al., Pharm. Res., 16(3):350, 1999;Maa, Y. F. et al., Pharm. Dev. Tech., 2(3):213, 1997). Also in the drypowder formulation of recombinant human MBL by spray-drying, theimportant considerations are that a spray-dried MBL powder compositionshould maintain its ability to activate complement through the specificbinding to the glycosylated, MBL-binding proteins in the presence ofserine proteases when dissolved and that such ability is also not lostduring long-term storage.

However, there have been no studies reported on spray-drying methods forproducing powder collectin composition in general, human recombinant MBLcompositions in particular, for treating illnesses such as respiratoryinflammation. Thus, there is a strong need for spray-drying methods toproduce a dry powder collectin composition available for respiratoryinhalation and application to external wounds. Accordingly, the presentinvention provides a dry powder collectin composition formed by adding acarbohydrate and/or protein excipients to a solution containing at leastone collectin family member protein and spray-drying the solution. Thispowder is able to support long-term storage without losing its efficacy.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a dry powder collectin composition whichcomprises one or more collectins, and one or more excipients selectedfrom the group consisting of tonicity enhancing agents, divalent ionsalts, protein excipients, carbohydrates, and polymer excipient, forenhancing the particle physical characteristics, and pharmacological andbiological properties of the composition. In particular, the dry powdercollectin composition is a spray-dried collectin composition with aparticle size ranging from 1 to 5 μm, which is aerosolizable forinhalation to treat or prevent respiratory infections. The spray-driedcollectin composition can also be administered directly to othercavities and sites of microbial infection on the surface for treatmentand/or prevention of such infections. Suitable divalent ion salt maycontain calcium cation, which may be important for the biologicalactivities of the collectins selected.

The present invention also provides a method for producing the drypowder collectin composition, which comprises the steps of preparing anaqueous solution or suspension which comprises the active components(i.e., one or more collectins) and spray-drying the collectin solutionto form a spray-dried collectin composition. The collectin solution mayalso include a divalent cation and/or pharmaceutically acceptableexcipients. By varying each individual component in the collectinsolution, an aerosolizable spray-dried collectin composition is producedwith particle sizes and a particle size distribution suitable forrespiratory inhalation. The method may further comprise a sterilizationstep, preferably prior to the spray drying step, for removing endotoxinsand/or microbes to produce a sterile collectin composition.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the particle size distribution for a spray-dried MBL powdercomposition which contains sucrose and casein.

FIG. 2 shows the Western blot analysis of a spray-dried MBL powdercomposition (lane 2) in comparison with the MBL control solution (lane1). Lane M is molecular weight markers.

FIG. 3 compares the C4 activation level of a spray-dried MBL powdercomposition (open circles) versus the MBL control solution (filledcircles), as measured with a functional MBL ELISA.

FIG. 4 compare the C4 activation levels of spray-dried MBL powdercompositions (open circles) produced at five different temperaturesettings: 80° C./58° C. (FIG. 4A), 100° C./68° C. (FIG. 4B), 115° C./78°C. (FIG. 4C), 130° C./87° C. (FIG. 4D), or 150° C./110° C. (FIG. 4E)versus the MBL control solution (filled circles), as measured with afunctional MBL ELISA.

FIG. 5 compare the C4 activation levels of spray-dried MBL powdercompositions (open circles) produced in the presence of four differentcarbohydrates: sucrose (FIG. 5A), lactose (FIG. 5B), trehalose (FIG.5C), or pluran (FIG. 5D) versus the correspondent MBL control solutionswith the same carbohydrate contents (filled circles), as measured usinga functional MBL ELISA.

FIG. 6 shows the particle size distributions of spray-dried MBLcompositions produced in the presence of four different carbohydrates:sucrose (filled circles), lactose (open circles), trehalose (filledtriangles), or pluran (open triangles).

FIG. 7 show the scanning electron microscope images of spray-dried MBLcomposition produced in the presence of sucrose (FIG. 7A), lactose (FIG.7B), trehalose (FIG. 7C), or pluran (FIG. 7D).

FIG. 8 compare the C4 activation levels of spray-dried MBL powdercompositions (open circles) produced at four different lactoseconcentrations: 0.5% (FIG. 8A), 1% (FIG. 8B), 2% (FIG. 8C), or 4% (FIG.8D) versus the correspondent MBL control solution with the same lactoseconcentrations (filled circles).

FIG. 9 compare the C4 activation levels of spray-dried MBL powdercompositions (open circles) produced at five different sucroseconcentrations: 0.5% (FIG. 9A), 1% (FIG. 9B), 2% (FIG. 9C), 4% (FIG.9D), 8% (FIG. 9E) versus the correspondent MBL control solutions withthe same sucrose concentrations (filled circles).

FIG. 10 shows the particle size distributions of spray-dried MBLcompositions produced under four different lactose concentrations: 0.5%(filled circles), 1.0% (open circles), 2.0% (filled triangles), and 4M %(open triangles).

FIG. 11 shows the particle size distributions of spray-dried MBLcompositions produced under five different sucrose concentrations: 0.5%(filled circles), 1.0% (open circles), 2.0% (filled triangles), 4.0%(open triangles), and 8.0% (filled inverted triangles).

FIG. 12 show the scanning electron microscope images of the spray-driedMBL composition produced at a lactose concentration of 0.5% (FIG. 12A),1% (FIG. 12B), 2% (FIG. 12C), or 4% (FIG. 12D).

FIG. 13 show the scanning electron microscope images of the spray-driedMBL composition produced at a sucrose concentration of 0.5% (FIG. 13A),1% (FIG. 13B), 2% (FIG. 13C), 4% (FIG. 13D), or 8% (FIG. 13E).

FIG. 14 compare the C4 activation levels of spray-dried MBL powdercompositions (open circles) containing sucrose with (FIG. 14 A) orwithout casein (FIG. 14B) verses the correspondent MBL control solution(filled circles) with the same composition.

FIG. 15 compare the C4 activation levels of spray-dried MBL powdercompositions (open circles) containing lactose with (FIG. 15 A) orwithout casein (FIG. 15B) verses the correspondent MBL control solution(filled circles) with the same composition.

FIG. 16 compare the C4 activation levels of spray-dried MBL powdercompositions (open circles) after stored at 70° C. for two days versesthe same compositions stored at room temperature (filled circles). Thespray-dried MBL powder composition contains either 2% lactose (16A), or2% sucrose and 0.05% PVA (16B).

FIG. 17 compare the C4 activation levels of spray-dried MBL powdercompositions (open circles) after stored at 60° C. for four days versesthe same compositions stored at room temperature (filled circles). Thespray-dried MBL powder composition contains either 2% lactose (16A), or2% sucrose and 0.05% PVA (16B).

FIG. 18 shows the binding affinities of the MBL control solution towardsa series of microbes as measured using direct mannan-binding ELISA. Themicrobes are a. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213; b, S. aureus CCARM3197;c, S. aureus CCARM3114; d, S. epidermidis ATCC12228; e, S. epidermidisCCARM35048; f, S. pyogens ATCC8668; g, Hemophilus influenzae ATCC51907;h, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC51907; i, E. faecium CCARM5028; j,Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC10031; and k denotes Candida alibicans.

FIG. 19 shows the binding affinities of the two spray-dried MBLcompositions towards a series of microbes as measured using directmannan-binding ELISA. The first composition has 2% lactose (black) andthe second has 2% sucrose and 0.05% PVA (gray). The microbes are thesame as in FIG. 45.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As used in this disclosure, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” mayrefer to plural articles unless specifically stated otherwise. Thus, forexample, a reference to a composition which comprises a collectin isintended to include a plurality of collectins. Furthermore, the use ofgrammatical equivalents of articles such as “protein” or “polypeptide”is not meant to imply differences among these terms unless specificallyindicated in the context.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereingenerally have the same meaning as commonly understood by one ofordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Generally,the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures inbiochemistry, biology, immunology, and pharmacology described herein arethose well known and commonly employed in the art.

To facilitate understanding of the invention set forth in the disclosurethat follows, a number of abbreviations and terms are defined below.

DEFINITION

The term “MBL” refers to mannose-binding lection, which is also known asmannan-binding lectin, and mannan-binding protein or mannose-bindingprotein (“MBP”).

The term “MASP” refers to an MBL associated serine protease.

The term “C2” refers to the second complement component.

The term “C4” refers to the fourth complement component.

The term “CRD” refers to a carbohydrate recognition domain.

The term “SP-A” refers to surfactant protein A.

The term “SP-D” refers to surfactant protein D.

The term “CL-L1” refers to collectin-liver 1.

The term “CL-P1” refers to collectin-placenta 1.

The term “CL-43” refers to collectin-43.

The term “CL” refers to collectin.

The terms “effective amount” and “therapeutically effective amount” eachrefer to the amount of a collectin molecule used to support anobservable level of one or more biological activities of the collectinas set forth herein.

The term “functional equivalent” refers to a polypeptide which does nothave the exact same amino acid sequence of a naturally occurringcollectin protein, due to alternative splicing, deletions, mutations,additions, or chemical modifications, but retains at least about 1%, atleast about 10%, at least about 25%, at least about 50%, or at leastabout 70% of the biological activity of the naturally occurringcollectin. As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, the term“collectin” refers to a collectin and functional equivalents thereof.

The term “naturally occurring” or “native” when used in connection withbiological materials such as nucleic acid molecules, polypeptides, hostcells, and the like, refers to materials which are found in nature andare not manipulated by man. Similarly, “non-naturally occurring” or“non-native” refers to a material that is not found in nature or thathas been structurally modified or synthesized by man.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “physiologicallyacceptable carrier” refers to one or more formulation materials suitablefor accomplishing or enhancing the delivery of the collectin as apharmaceutical composition.

The term “residual activity” refers to a relative activity of acollectin sample in comparison with its collectin control. Forprocessing stability, the collectin control is usually the collectinsolution from which the dry powder collectin composition is produced.For storage stability, the collectin control is usually the same drypowder collectin composition but stored at room temperature. In general,a residual activity of a collectin composition is expressed as apercentage of the activity of the collectin control.

Collectin

Collectins are a family of collagenous calcium-dependent defense lectinswhich have been found in various mammals, including humans, rodents,cattle, cows, pigs, chickens, and mice. Their polypeptide chains arecomposed of four distinct domains: a cystein-rich N-terminal domain, acollagen domain, and α-helical coiled-coil neck domain, and a C-terminallectin domain or carbohydrate recognition domains (“CRD”). Some wellcharacterized collectins include mannan-binding lectin (“MBL”),surfactant protein A (“SP-A”), surfactant protein D (“SP-D”), collectinliver 1 (“CL-L1”), collectin placenta 1 (“CL-P1”), conglutinin,collectin of 43 kDa (“CL-43”), and collection of 46 kDa (“CL-46”).

The collectins of the present invention may come from any species. Thecollectin may be in a native form purified from natural sources or in arecombinant form produced using protein engineering technologies, whichmay have different post-translation modification from the nativecollectin. These native and recombinant collectin proteins can beobtained commercially or produced readily with recombinant vectors bystandard molecular biology protocols well-known to those skilled in theart; e.g., human CL-P1 is available as a recombinant protein from R&Dsystems (Minneapolis, Minn., USA).

The collectins of the present invention may also be biologically activecollectin variants. Unless otherwise indicated, the term “collectin”refers both to native collectins, as well as variants thereof. As usedherein, a collectin variant is a collectin protein which comprises anamino acid sequence having one or more amino acid substitutions,deletions, and/or additions (such as internal additions and/or collectinfusion proteins) as compared to the amino acid sequence of a nativecollectin. Variants may be naturally occurring (e.g., collectinpolypeptide allelic variants, collectin polypeptide orthologs, andcollectin polypeptide splice variants) or artificially constructed. Suchcollectin variants may be prepared from the corresponding nucleic acidmolecules having a DNA sequence that varies accordingly.

The variants may have from 1 to 3, to 5, to 10, to 15, to 20, to 25, to50, to 75, or to 100, or more than 100 amino acid substitutions,insertions, additions and/or deletions, wherein the substitutions may beconservative, or non-conservative, or a combination thereof.Additionally, the collectin of the present invention may comprise atleast 10, at least 12, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least30, at least 35, at least 40, or at least 50 consecutive amino acidresidues of a native collectin. Such a variant is preferably at leastabout 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%,as lest about 90%, or at least about 95% identical to a nativecollectin. Furthermore, the collectin variant is biologically activewith an activity of over about 1%, over about 10%, over about 25%, overabout 50%, over about 60%, over about 70%, over about 80%, over about90%, over about 95%, or over about 100% of the activity of a nativecollectin.

Conservative modifications to the amino acid sequence of a collectingenerally produce a polypeptide having functional and chemicalcharacteristics similar to those of the original collectin protein. Incontrast, substantial modifications in the functional and/or chemicalcharacteristics of a collectin may be accomplished by selectingsubstitutions in the amino acid sequence of the collectin that differsignificantly in their effects on maintaining (a) the structure(secondary, tertiary, and/or quandary) in the area of the substitutionor (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site.Amino acid sequence modifications can be accomplished by chemical andbiological peptide and protein synthetic methods that are well know inthe art.

Desired amino acid substitutions (whether conservative ornon-conservative) can be determined by those skilled in the art at thetime such substitutions are required. For example, amino acidsubstitutions can be used to identify important residues, to modulatethe biological activity of a collectin, or to decrease unwanted sideeffects associated with a collectin when used as a therapeutic agent.Suitable amino acid substitutions include, but are not limited to,substituting Ala with Val, Leu, or Ile; substituting Arg with Lys, Gln,or Asn; substituting Asn with Gln; substituting Asp with Glu;substituting Cys with Ser or Ala; substituting Gln with Asn;substituting Glu with Asp; substituting His with Asn, Gln, Lys, or Arg;substituting Ile with Leu, Val, Met, Ala, Phe, or Norleucine;substituting Leu with Norleucine, Ile, Val, Met, Ala, or Phe;substituting Lys with Arg, 1,4-diamino-butyric acid, Gln, or Asn;substituting Met with Leu, Phe, or Ile; substituting Phe with Leu, Val,Ile, Ala, or Tyr; substituting Pro with Ala; substituting Ser with Thr,Ala, or Cys; substituting Thr with Ser; substituting Trp with Tyr orPhe; substituting Tyr with Trp, Phe, Thr, or Ser; and substituting Valwith Ile, Met, Leu, Phe, Ala, or Norleucine. The selection of an aminoacid for replacement can also be guided by its hydropathic index and/orhydrophilicity.

In addition, the collectin polypeptide may be fused to a homologouspolypeptide to form a homodimer or to a heterologous polypeptide to forma heterodimer. Heterologous polypeptides include, but are not limitedto: an epitope to allow for the detection and/or isolation of acollectin fusion polypeptide; an enzyme or portion thereof which iscatalytically active; a polypeptide which promotes oligomerization, suchas a leucine zipper domain; a polypeptide which increases stability,such as an immunoglobulin constant region; and a polypeptide which has atherapeutic activity different from the collectin polypeptide.

Fusions can be made either at the amino-terminus or at thecarboxyl-terminus of a collectin polypeptide. Fusions may be direct withno linker or adapter molecule or may be through a linker or adaptermolecule. A linker or adapter molecule may be one or more amino acidresidues, typically from about 20 to about 50 amino acid residues. Alinker or adapter molecule may also be designed with a cleavage site fora protease to allow for the separation of the fused moieties. It will beappreciated that once constructed, the fusion polypeptides can furtherbe derivatized according to the methods described herein.

The collectin of the present invention may also be a collectinderivative, which is a chemically modified collectin, including proteinpost-translation modification, such as acylation (i.e., acetylation orformylation), biotinylation, carboxylation, deamination,glutathionylation, glycosylation, lipidation (i.e., farnesylation,gernylgeranylation, prenylation, myristoylation, palmitoylation, orstearoylation), methylation, phosphorylation, sulphation, andubiquitination. Unless otherwise indicated, the term “collectin” refersboth to native collectins as well as derivatives thereof. A collectinderivative may be modified in a manner that is different in the type,number, or location of the post-translation modification groupsnaturally attached to the polypeptide. For example, a collectinderivative may have the number and/or type of glycosylation alteredcompared to the native collectin. The resulting collectin derivative maycomprise a greater or a lesser number of N-linked glycosylation sitesthan the native collectin.

The collectin polypeptide may also be modified by the covalentattachment of one or more polymers. Typically, the polymer selected iswater-soluble so that the protein to which it is attached does notprecipitate in an aqueous environment, such as a physiologicalenvironment. The polymer may be of any molecular weight and may bebranched or unbranched. The polymer each typically has an averagemolecular weight of between about 1 kDa to about 100 kDa.

Suitable water-soluble polymers or mixtures thereof include, but are notlimited to, polyalkylene glycol (such as mono-(C₁-C₁₀) alkoxy-,aryloxy-polyethylene glycol, poly-(N-vinyl pyrrolidone)polyethyleneglycol, propylene glycol homopolymers, or polypropylene oxide/ethyleneoxide co-polymers), carbohydrate-based polymers (such as dextran orcellulose), polyoxyethylated polyols, and polyvinyl alcohols. Alsoencompassed by the present invention are bifunctional crosslinkingmolecules which can be used to prepare covalently attached collectinpolypeptide multimers.

In general, chemical derivatization may be performed under a suitablecondition by reacting a protein with an activated polymer molecule.Methods for preparing chemical derivatives of polypeptides willgenerally comprise the steps of: (a) reacting the polypeptide with theactivated polymer molecule (such as a reactive ester or aldehydederivative of the polymer molecule) under conditions whereby a collectinbecomes attached to one or more polymer molecules, and (b) obtaining thereaction products. The optimal reaction conditions may vary dependingupon the collectin selected and chemical reagents used, and aregenerally determined experimentally. The PEGylation of a polypeptide maybe carried out using any of the PEGylation reactions known in the art,including, but not limited to, acylation, alkylation, or Michaeladdition.

Dry Powder Collectin Composition

The dry powder collectin composition of the present invention comprisesone or more collectins. As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, theterm “collectin” refers to a collectin and functional equivalentsthereof. Particularly, a functional equivalent of a collectin, as usedherein, encompasses a collectin variant or derivative describedhereinabove, which possess substantially biological activity of theoriginal collectin. As a therapeutic agent, the active component in thedry powder collectin composition is the collectin contained in thecomposition. The active component of the collectin composition may be acollagenous protein which has a CRD domain and collagen domain. Morespecifically, the active component may be a collectin protein selectedfrom the group consisting of MBL, MBL, SP-A, SP-D, CL-L1, CL-P1,conglutinin, CL-43, CL-46, and functional equivalents thereof.Representatively suitable for use in the methods and compositionsdescribed herein are MBL and its functional equivalents. For example,the active component in the dry powder collectin composition is arecombinant MBL, which is produced from the cell line of accessionnumber KCTC 10472BP (Korean patent gazette No. 1020040106194).

The dry powder collectin composition may also contain a divalent cation,such as magnesium (Mg²⁺), zinc (Zn²⁺), or calcium (Ca²⁺), which may bedesired for the activation of the complement system for a collectin.Typically, a calcium ion is provided as a calcium salt, both organic andinorganic, with a sufficient water solubility. Suitable calcium saltsinclude, but are not limited to, calcium chloride, calcium bromide,calcium iodide, calcium sulfate, and calcium nitrate, tricalciumcitrate, calcium lactate, and calcium gluconate.

In addition, dry powder collectin composition may further comprisepharmaceutically acceptable excipients for modifying, maintaining, orpreserving, for example, the pH, osmolarity, viscosity, clarity, color,isotonicity, odor, sterility, stability, rate of dissolution or release,adsorption, or penetration of the collectin composition.

Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include, for example, amino acids andlow molecular weight polypeptides, antimicrobials, antioxidants (such asascorbic acid, sodium sulfite, or sodium hydrogen-sulfite), antistaticagents, buffers (such as borate, bicarbonate, Tris-HCl, citrates,phosphates, or other organic acids and bases), bulking agents (such asmannitol or glycine), chelating agents (such as EDTA), complexing agents(such as caffeine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, beta-cyclodextrin, orhydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin), fillers, carbohydrates, proteins (suchas albumins, gelatin, casein, hemoglobin, and immunoglobulins),coloring, flavoring and diluting agents, emulsifying agents, hydrophilicpolymers (such as polyvinylpyrrolidone), preservatives (such asbenzalkonium chloride, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, thimerosal,phenethyl alcohol, methylparaben, propylparaben, chlorhexidine, sorbicacid, or hydrogen peroxide), polyols (such as glycerin, propyleneglycol, polyethylene glycol, mannitol, or sorbitol), polymers,suspending agents, surfactants or wetting agents (such as pluronics,PEG, sorbitan esters, polysorbates, Triton, tromethamine, lecithin,cholesterol, or tyloxapal), stability enhancing agents (such as sucroseor sorbitol), taste-masking agents, tonicity enhancing agents (such asalkali metal halides, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, or mannitolsorbitol), and pharmaceutical adjuvants (Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences, 18th Ed., A. R. Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Company 1990;Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 3rd Ed., Kibbe, A. H. Editor2000).

Non-limiting exemplary amino acid excipients include glycine (Gly),alanine (Ala), valine (Val), norvaline (2-aminopentanoic acid),2-aminoheptanoic acid, leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile), methionine(Met), proline (Pro), phenylalanine (Phe), trytophan (Trp), serine(Ser), threonine (Thr), cysteine (Cys), tyrosine (Tyr), asparagine(Asp), glutamic acid (Glu), lysine (Lys), arginine (Arg), histidine(His), and norleucine (Nor). Non-limiting exemplary polypeptideexcipients include oligomers comprising 2-9 amino acids and preferably2-5 amino acids, all of which may be homo or hetero species.

Non-limiting exemplary carbohydrate excipients include, but are notlimited to, monosaccharides such as fructose, maltose, galactose,glucose, D-mannose, sorbose, and the like; disaccharides, such aslactose, sucrose, trehalose, cellobiose, and the like; polysaccharides,such as raffinose, melezitose, maltodextrins, dextrans, starches, andthe like; and alditols, such as mannitol, xylitol, maltitol, lactitol,xylitol sorbitol (glucitol), pyranosyl sorbitol, and myoinositol.

Generally, the dry powder collectin composition of the present inventioncontains from about 0.01% to about 99.999%, from about 1% to about 99%,or from about 5 to about 80% by weight excipients in total. Generally,the optimal amount of each excipient is determined experimentally, i.e.,by preparing a series of collectin-containing compositions containingvarying amounts of each excipient, examining the biological, chemical,and physical properties of the resulting collectin powder, then furtherexploring the range at which optimal aerosol performance is attainedwith no significant deleterious effects upon these properties andstorage stability.

In one embodiment, the dry powder collectin composition may alsocomprise a divalent cation salt, such as calcium chloride, andoptionally a tonicity enhancing agent such as sodium chloride. In thedry powder collectin composition, the content of active components intotal may range from about 0.001 to 90 parts, from about 0.001 to about60 parts, or from about 0.01 to about 60 parts by weight; the content ofthe divalent cation salt may range from about 0.1 to about 90 parts orfrom about 0.1 to about 10 parts by weight; and the content of tonicityenhancing agent may range from about 0.1 to about 10 parts by weight.

In yet another embodiment, the dry powder collectin composition mayfurther comprise a carbohydrate excipient, such as lactose or sucrose.The carbohydrate content may range from about 5 to about 80 parts byweight.

In certain embodiments, the dry powder collectin composition may alsocomprise a protein excipient (such as casein) and optionally an organicpolymer excipient such as polyvinyl alcohol (“PVA”). The content of theprotein excipient may range from about 0.1 to about 94 parts or fromabout 0.1 to about 20 parts by weight and the content of the organicpolymer may range about 0.001 to about 10 parts by weight.

In a particular embodiment, the active component of the dry powdercollectin composition is MBL. The collection composition comprises MBLof from about 0.001 to about 60 parts, sodium chloride of from about 0.1to about 10 parts, CaCl₂ from about 0.1 to about 10 parts, and acarbohydrate of about 5 to about 80 parts by weight.

In another particular embodiment, the dry powder collectin compositioncomprises MBL of from about 0.001 to about 0.1 parts, sodium chloride offrom about 8 to about 9 parts, CaCl₂ from about 1 to about 2 parts, acarbohydrate of about 20 parts, and PVA of about 0.5 parts by weight.The active component, MBL, may be isolated from a natural source orproduced recombinantly.

The numerical values of parts above refer to a weight ratio of theconstituents forming the dry powder composition. When the dry powdercomposition of the present invention is prepared from an aqueoussolution and all the solutes are non-volatile, it is evident that theratio of solutes by weight will be maintained in the final dry powdercomposition. Thus, molarities and weight per volume percents are readilyconverted to parts by weight; for example, 10 mM CaCl₂ (molecular weight111) corresponds to 10×10⁻³×111=1.11 parts by weight.

Furthermore, the dry powder collectin composition may have residualmoisture content of below about 20%, below about 10%, below about 6% byweight, below about 3%, below about 2%, or between about 0.5 and 2% byweight. Such low moisture-containing solids tend to exhibit a greaterstability upon packaging and storage. Generally, the dry powdercollectin composition of the present invention is hygroscopic, i.e., itdemonstrates a tendency to absorb moisture from the atmosphere if notstored in sealed containers such as blister packages.

According to the present invention, the particles of the dry powdercollectin composition may have various sizes, shapes, and particle sizedistribution. These particle physical characteristics are affected byboth the types and amounts of the active component and pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipients contained in the composition. The particles mayhave a mass median diameter (“MMD”) of less than about 20 μm, less thanabout 10 μm, less than about 7.5 μm, less than about 5 μm, less thanabout 4 μm, or less than about 3.5 μm, and are usually in the range ofabout 0.1 tun to about 5 μm, about 1 μm to about 5 μm, about 0.1 μm toabout 4 μm, about 1.5 μm to about 4.5 μm, about 2 μm to about 4 μm, orabout 2.5 μm to about 3.5 μm in diameter for effective pulmonaryadministration. In some embodiments, the powder may also containnon-respirable carrier particles such as lactose, where thenon-respirable particles are typically greater than about 40 microns insize.

In the present invention, the particle size distribution of the drypowder collectin composition depends on the excipients in thecomposition. Typically, the particle sizes range from about 1 to about10 μm. For inhalation into deep lung, the suitable particle sizes aresmaller than about 5 μm, typically ranging from about 1 to about 4 μm.

The dry powder collectin composition of the present invention possessesboth processing stability and storage stability. As used herein,processing stability is a measure of the ability of a protein to retainits biological activity during processing, such as spray-drying orlyophilization process, and expressed as a residual activity incomparison to that of the original collectin solution from which the drypowder is prepared. The processing stability is expressed in a residualactivity by comparing the biological activities of the active componentsprior to and after being processed. The active component, whichcomprises one or more collectins as described hereinabove, in the drypowder collectin composition has no less than about 50%, no less thanabout 60%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less thanabout 85%, no less than about 90%, no less than about 95%, no less thanabout 97%, no less than about 98%, or no less than about 99% of thebiological activity of the collectin in solution or suspension, fromwhich the dry powder composition is produced. The biological activity ofa collectin composition can be accessed by the biological assays wellknown in the art, such as a functional ELISA assay. For example, the MBLactivity can be readily measured using a assay such as a human MBL-C4activation complex ELISA assay as described herein in details in theexample section.

The dry powder collectin composition of the present invention alsoexhibits good storage stability, as characterized by its ability toretain the biological activities of its active components upon storage.The storage stability is determined under stress conditions thatcorrespond to one year-long storage under ambient conditions (25° C. andambient humidity). The two stress conditions employed in the presentinvention are 60° C. for 4 days or 70° C. for 2 days at a relativeatmospheric humidity of 2%. These conditions are known to be equivalentto one year-long storage. The composition is then analyzed forbiological activity using suitable methods, such as a functionalenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (“ELISA”). The dry powder collectincomposition of the present invention is stable for at least about 3months, at least about 6 months, at least about 9 months, at least about12 months, at least about 15 months, at least about 18 months, at leastabout 21 months, at least about 24 month, or at least about 30 months,when stored at room temperature and under ambient humidity. Afterstorage at room temperature and ambient humidity for a year orequivalent conditions, the active component in the dry powder collectincomposition possesses at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at leastabout 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%,at least about. 95%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at leastabout 99% of the biological activity of the active component prior tostorage.

As described below, the dry powder collectin composition of the presentinvention may be prepared using a spray drying process. The dry powdercollectin composition thus produced is a spray-dried collectin powdercomposition, which is aerosolizable for an effective inhalation to thelung and respiratory tracts. The dry powder collectin composition mayalso be produced by other known methods, such as lyophilization orfreeze-drying.

Method for Preparing Dry Powder Collectin Composition

The dry powder collectin composition of the present invention may beprepared by spray drying under conditions which minimize the extent ofprotein denaturalization and aggregation. Some general spray dryingprocesses can be found in “Spray Drying Handbook”, 5th ed., K. Masters,John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY, N.Y. (1991). In general, the dry powdercollectin composition is spray dried from an aqueous solution orsuspension, depending upon factors such as the solubility and stabilityof the active components at the pH range employed. In a specificembodiment, the active component, such as recombinant MBL, is firstdissolved in water or a physiologically acceptable buffer such as Ringersolution, at a pH of from about 3 to 11, from about 4 to about 10, fromabout 5 to about 9, from about 5.5 to about 8.5, from about 6 to about8, or from about 6.5 to about 7.5. For pulmonary delivery, a neutral pH,which is between about 5.5 and about 7.8, is suitable since such pH mayaid in maintaining the physiological compatibility of the powder afterdissolution of powder within the lung.

The aqueous formulation may optionally contain additional water-misciblesolvents, such as acetone, alcohols, and acetonitrile. Representativealcohols are lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, andisopropanol. Such mixed solvent systems may typically contain no greaterthan about 80%, from about 20% to about 40%, or from about 10% to about30% by volume of a water miscible solvent.

The pre-spray-dried solution generally contains solids dissolved at aconcentration of from about 0.01% to about 20% (weight/volume), fromabout 0.05% to about 10% (weight/volume), or from about 0.1% to about 2%(weight/volume). Weight per volume (w/v) may also be expressed as mg/mL,for example, 1% weight/volume is equivalent to 10 mg/mL. Specifically,the pre-spray dried solution may typically possess one of the followingsolids concentrations: 0.1 mg/mL or greater, 0.5 mg/mL or greater, 1mg/mL or greater, 1.5 mg/mL or greater, 2 mg/mL or greater, 3 mg/mL orgreater, 4 mg/mL or greater, or 5 mg/mL or greater. The totalconcentration of the active components in the pre-spray dried solutionmay range from about 1 ng/mL to about 100 mg/mL, from about 100 ng/mL toabout 10 mg/mL, from about 1 μg/mL to about 100 μg/mL, from about 1μg/mL to about 50 μg/mL, from about 1 μg/mL to about 20 μg/mL, or about1 μg/mL to about 10 μg/mL.

In an exemplary embodiment, the pre-spray-dried solution comprises anactive component at a concentration of from 0.0005 to about 10% (w/v), acarbohydrate at a concentration from about 0.1 to about 4% (w/v), andoptionally a tonicity enhancing agent and a divalent cation salt, eachat a concentration of from about 0.01 to about 10% (w/v). In anotherexemplary embodiment, the pre-spray dried solution may further comprisesa protein excipient such as casein at a concentration of from about0.005 to about 0.2% (w/v) and optionally a polymer excipient, such asPVA, at a concentration of from 0.001 to about 10% (w/v).

The solution can be spray dried in a conventional spray drier, such asthose available from commercial suppliers such as LaPlant SD-05 (UK),Niro A/S (Denmark), and Buchi (Switzerland), resulting in a dispersibledry powder. Optimal conditions for spray drying the solution may varydepending upon the formulation components, and are generally determinedexperimentally. The gas used to spray dry the solution is typically air,although inert gases such as nitrogen or argon are also suitable.Moreover, the temperature of both the inlet and outlet of the gas usedto dry the sprayed solution is such that it does not cause decompositionand denaturalization of the active component in the sprayed solution.Such temperatures are typically determined experimentally, althoughgenerally, the inlet temperature may range from about 50° C. to about200° C., while the outlet temperature may range from about 30° C. toabout 150° C.

Suitable temperatures for the inlet gas may range from about 50 to about220° C., to about 150° C., to about 120° C., to about 110° C., to about105° C., or to about 100° C.; from about 60 to about 220° C., to about150° C., to about 120° C., to about 110° C., to about 105° C., or toabout 100° C.; from about 70 to about 220° C., to about 150° C., toabout 120° C., to about 110° C., to about 105° C., or to about 100° C.;from about 80 to about 220° C., to about 150° C., to about 120° C., toabout 11° C., to about 105° C., or to about 100° C. Representativelysuitable temperatures for the inlet gas may be about 85° C., about 90°C., about 95° C., or about 100° C.

Suitable temperature for the outlet air or discharge temperatures mayrange from about 40 to about 150° C., to about 100° C., to about 90° C.,to about 80° C., to about 75° C., or to about 70° C.; from about 50 toabout 150° C., to about 100° C., to about 90° C., to about 80° C., toabout 75° C., or to about 70° C.; from about 60 to about 150° C., toabout 100° C., to about 90° C., to about 80° C., to about 75° C., and toabout 70° C.; about 55° C., about 60° C., about 65° C., or about 70° C.

Preferably, the spray drying process is operated with a sufficientatomization pressure to maintain a suitable spraying rate and a suitablehot air flow rate. Suitable spraying rates may range from about 500 to2000 liter per hour (L/h), whereas suitable hot air flow rates may rangefrom about 400 to about 1,200 L/min. Atomization pressures may rangefrom about 20-150 psi or from about 30-40 to 100 psi. Typically, theatomization pressure employed may be one of the following (psi): 20, 30,40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120 or above. Spray dried powders arephysically distinct from powders prepared by other evaporative dryingmethods, such as lyophilization and air drying, and typically exhibitmorphologies and thermal histories (including glass transitiontemperatures, glass transition widths, and enthalpic relaxationprofiles) that differ from those of powders prepared by other dryingmethods.

The method may further comprise a sterilization step for removingendotoxins and/or microbes to produce a sterile collectin solution priorto drying process. This may be accomplished, for example, by filtrationthrough sterile filtration membranes. Once formed, the dry powdercollectin composition is typically maintained under dry (i.e.,relatively low humidity, such as, less than 30% moisture) conditionsduring manufacture, processing, and storage.

Administration of Dry Powder Collectin Composition

The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical formulation whichcomprises the dry powder collectin composition as described above. Thedry powder collectin composition of the present invention is suitablefor administration via any route known to be effective by the physicianof ordinary skill. The dry powder collectin composition can beformulated into any pharmaceutical formulation in accordance withconventional methods of pharmacy to produce medicinal agents foradministration to patients, including humans and other mammals.

In one embodiment, the dry powder collectin composition is deliveredthrough pulmonary route of administration. This is particularly suitablefor the spray-dried collectin composition of the present invention dueto their particle sizes and particle size distribution profiles. The drypowder collectin composition may be delivered using any suitable drypowder inhaler (“DPI”), i.e., an inhaler device that utilizes thepatient's inhaled breath as a vehicle to transport the dry powder drugto the lungs. When administered using a device of this type, the powderis contained in a receptacle having a puncturable lid or other accesssurface, preferably a blister package or cartridge, where the receptablemay contain a single dosage unit or multiple dosage units.

The dry powder collectin composition may also be delivered using apressurized, metered dose inhaler (“MDI”), containing a solution orsuspension of drug in a pharmaceutically inert liquid propellant, suchas chlorofluorocarbon or fluorocarbon. Alternatively, the dry powdercollectin composition may be dissolved or suspended in a solvent, suchas water, ethanol, or saline, and administered by nebulization.

Prior to use, dry powders are generally stored under ambient conditions,specifically at temperatures at or below about 25° C., and relativehumidity ranging from about 30 to 60%. If a low relative humiditycondition (e.g., less than about 30%) is desired, it may be achieved bythe incorporation of a desiccating agent in the secondary packaging ofthe dosage form.

In another embodiment, the dry powder collectin composition may also beformulated in solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules for oraladministration. For example, a capsule may be designed to release theactive portion of the formulation at the point in the gastrointestinaltract when bioavailability is maximized and pre-systemic degradation isminimized. Additional agents can be included to facilitate absorption ofthe collectin. Diluents, flavorings, low melting point waxes, vegetableoils, lubricants, suspending agents, tablet disintegrating agents, andbinders may also be employed. The dry powder collectin composition mayalso be formulated in sustained- or controlled-delivery forms.Techniques for formulating a variety of other sustained- orcontrolled-delivery means, such as liposome carriers, bio-erodiblemicroparticles or porous beads and depot injections, are also known tothose skilled in the art.

In yet another embodiment, the dry powder collectin composition may beformulated for parenteral administration. Parenteral administration iscommonly understood as administration by other than gastro-intestinal,pulmonary, and topical routes. Suitable parenteral routes foradministering the dry powder collectin composition of the presentinvention include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous,intraperitoneal, intraarterial, and buccal routes. Intravenous,intraperitoneal, intramuscular, and subcutaneous routes ofadministration of the dry powder collection composition are moresuitable for the dry powder collectin composition of the presentinvention.

Administration via certain parenteral routes may involve introducing theformulations of the present invention into the body of a patient througha needle or a catheter, propelled by a sterile syringe or some othermechanical device such as a continuous infusion system. The formulationsprovided by the present invention may be administered using a syringe,injector, pump, or any other device recognized in the art for parenteraladministration. The formulations may also be administered for absorptionthrough the mucus membranes, such as in buccal administration.

In still another embodiment, the dry powder collectin composition canalso be administered topically, directly to cavities and sites ofmicrobial infection on the surface for treatment and/or prevention ofsuch infections.

While the dry powder collectin compositions of the present invention canbe administered as the sole active pharmaceutical agent, they can alsobe used in combination with one or more other suitable therapeuticagents, such as antifungal agents, antibiotics, or antiviral agents.When administered as a combination, the therapeutic agents can beformulated as separate compositions that are given at the same time ordifferent times, or the therapeutic agents can be given as a singlecomposition.

The effective amount of the therapeutic agents in the dry powdercollectin composition to be employed therapeutically depends on a numberof factors, among which are included, without limitation, the patient'ssex, weight and age, the underlying causes of the condition or diseaseto be treated, the route of administration and bioavailability, thepersistence of the administered therapeutic agents in the body, theformulation, and the potency of the active component.

The frequency of dosing also depends on those factors as describedabove, including the pharmacokinetic parameters of the therapeuticagents in the formulation being used. Typically, a clinician willadminister the composition until a dosage is reached that achieves thedesired clinical result. The dry powder collectin composition maytherefore be administered as a single dose, as two or more doses (whichmay or may not contain the same amount of the active ingredient) overtime, or as a continuous infusion via an implantation device orcatheter. It is within the skill of the ordinary physician to titratethe dose and infusion rate or frequency of administration of theformulation of the present invention to achieve the desired clinicalresult.

Therapeutic Implications

A number of clinical diseases and conditions may be treated by the drypowder collectin composition of the present invention, particularly,those associated with infections, collectin deficiency, such as MBLdeficiency, and immunocomprised conditions. The dry powder compositionof the present invention may particularly be suitable for treating andpreventing microbial infections. As have been demonstrated, thecarbohydrate recognition domains (CRD) of a collectin protein arecapable of recognizing and binding these carbohydrates commonlyexpressed by microbes (Hans-Jurgen et al, Protein Science, 3:1143,1994). For example, CL-43 binds gp160, a glycoprotein that constitutesthe outer coat of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), to inhibit itsbinding to CD4 receptors (Anderson et al, Scand. J. Immunology, 32:81,1990). Human conglutinin-like protein is known to bind HIV-1's gp120 toblock infection (Ushijima et al, Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 83:458, 1992).There have been reports on SP-A and SP-D as well that these proteinsblock microbial infection by binding to the microbes (Zimmerman et al,J. Clin. Invest., 89:143, 1992; McNeely et al, J. Infect. Dis., 91,1993; Kuan et al, J. Clin. Invest. 90:97, 1992).

The infectious microorganisms which are treatment and prevention targetsfor the present invention are, for example, viruses, bacteria, fungi,parasites. Suitable virus targets include the viruses with outer coats,such as influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus, herpes virus,SARS corona virus and rhinovirus. Suitable bacteria targets includethose with glycosylation patterns recognizable by collectins, includingStaphylococcus aureus, Hemophilus influenzae and S. pyogens. Suitablefungal targets include Candida albicans.

Treatment of diseases and disorders herein is intended to also includethe prophylactic administration of a composition of the invention, apharmaceutical salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical formulation of eitherto a subject (i.e., an animal, a mammal, or a human) believed to be inneed of preventative treatment, such as, for example, infection and thelike.

EXAMPLES

The following examples serve to provide further appreciation of theinvention but are not meant in any way to restrict the effective scopeof the invention. Unless otherwise mentioned, the percentage used in theexamples below refers to weight-to-volume ratios.

Example I Characterization of MBL Powder and Establishment of the Methodfor its Analysis

To formulate recombinant mannose-binding protein (MBL) into a formsuitable for inhalation, treating external wounds or into a powderedform which in turn can be formulated into tablets, the followingconditions are met: the quaternary structural characteristics of MBLoligomer complexes are maintained throughout the spray-drying process;and the powder produced exhibits substantial complement activation inthe presence of glycosylated MBL-binding proteins and serine proteasesupon dissolution. In addition, the spray-dried MBL powder isaerosolizable for effective pulmonary administration.

a. Preparation of a Spray-Dried MBL Powder Composition:

The MBL solution used for spray-drying was prepared as follows: 5 μg/mLrecombinant MBL (Dobeel, Korea), 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM CaCl₂, 1 mg/mLcasein, and 0.4% (w/v) sucrose. The MBL solution was spray dried using alaboratory spray-dryer, LaPlant SD-05 (UK), to produce aerosolizablewhite powder. The MBL solution was fed into a nozzle (0.5 mm indiameter) at the rate of 3.5 mL/min by a peristaltic pump, with thespraying rate at 1,600 L/hr. The hot air flow through a drying duct wasat 1,150 L/min, and the feed or inlet temperature was kept at 100° C.,while the discharge or outlet temperature was at 69° C. The spray-driedMBL powder as characterized by the methods described below.

b. Particle Characterization:

The particle sizes and distribution of the spray-dried MBL powdercomposition were analyzed using a laser zeta potentiometer (ELS-8000,Otsuka Electronics, Japan). As shown in FIG. 1, the aerorsolizable MBLpowder composition had particle sizes ranging between 2.18 and 3.18 μm,the average size or the mass median diameter being 2.57±0.24 μm, whichis within the particle sizes (5 μm or below) typically required foreffective delivery of the composition to respiratory ducts and lungs.

c. Western Blot Analysis

Western blot was used to assess whether there were significant changesin the oligomer complexes (i.e. quandary structures) of the MBL powdercomposition. Western blot analysis was carried out under non-denaturingconditions to compare the aggregation pattern of the processed MBL withthe original MBL in solution, from which the spray-dried MBL wasproduced. As shown in FIG. 2, there are no notable differences inaggregation pattern between the spray-dried and the original solutionMBL, which suggests that the dried powder MBL most likely does not havesignificant changes in its quandary structures.

d. Functional MBL ELISA:

The biological activity of MBL was assessed quantitatively using afunctional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which measures theability of MBL/MASP complexes to initiate C4 complement cleavage whenMBL is bound to mannan. Briefly, an immunoassay microplate (MAXISORP™Immunoplate, Nunc, Denmark) was coated with hepatitis B pre-S antigen at500 ng/well. An MBL sample solution was prepared by dissolved aspray-dried powder in water or buffer. The MBL sample and controlsolutions were added to individual wells on the microplate plate at 200ng, 100 ng, 50 ng, 25 ng, 12.5 ng, 6.25 ng or 3.125 ng per well. Thesolutions in microplates were incubated for 2 hours at room temperatureto allow binding. The reaction mixture was removed and the plates werewashed 6 times with wash buffer. MBL-free serum solution was preparedfrom a MBL-free serum stock solution (Dobeel, Korea) via a 100 folddilution with a dilution buffer. The diluted MBL-free serum solution(100 μL) was then added to each well to provide MBL-associated serineproteases (MASPs). After the plate was washed 6 times with wash buffer,a C4 (500 ng) in solution was added to each well on the plates, followedby a 2-hour incubation. Anti-C4 horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugateafter diluted 1,500 fold from a stock solution (Biogenesis, UK) wasadded, followed by an 1-hour incubation. A solution ofo-phenylenediamine (“OPD”) (150 μL per well) was added and thecolorimetric reaction was allowed to proceed for 20 minutes to detectC4b deposits. The reaction was stopped by adding 50 μL of 3M HCl, theabsorbance was measured at 492 nm with an ELISA reader.

The biological activity of the spray-dried MBL powder compositionprepared above is shown in FIG. 3 together with the MBL control, the MBLsolution, from which the spray-dried MBL powder was produced. As shownin FIG. 3, both the MBL control and the spray-dried MBL exhibit similarlevels of biological activities.

In summary, the present invention has provided the spray-dried MBLpowder composition which has 1) an inhalable particle size, 2) displaysno significant structural changes as estimated by Western blot analysis,and 3) still retains its complement-activating ability.

Example II Effect of Air Temperatures on the Biological Activity ofSpray-Dried MBL Powder Composition

Most proteins are prone to denaturation by heat, and thus lose theirbiological activities. Since spray-dryers convert liquid samples intopowders using hot air flow, the air temperature was optimized byexamining the differences in complement activation of MBL powdersproduced under a series of different temperature conditions in thepresence of glycosylated, MBL-binding proteins and serine proteases.

The MBL solution used for spray-drying had the following composition: 5μg/mL recombinant MBL, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM CaCl₂, 250 μg/mL casein, and2% (w/v) sucrose. The feed/discharge temperatures, that is, inlet/outlettemperatures, for spray-drying were set at 80° C./58° C., 100° C./68°C., 115° C./78° C., 130° C./87° C., and 150° C./100° C., respectively.Each dry powder MBL composition produced under its own temperaturecondition was compared with the MBL control for its ability to activateC4 in the complement system by using the functional MBL ELISA asdescribed above. As shown FIG. 4A to 4E, the spray-dried powder MBLcompositions at temperature settings of 80° C./58° C. and 100° C./68° C.have similar activities to the MBL controls, whereas the spray-driedpowder MBL compositions produced at higher temperature settings sufferfrom reduction in their activities as the temperature goes up.

Example III Effects of Carbohydrate Excipients on the Spray-Dried MBLPowder Compositions

When spray-drying proteins into powder formulations using hot air, it iscommon practices to add various kinds of pharmaceutically acceptableexcipients in the compositions to further enhance physical andbiological stability. In this example, the effects of four differentcarbohydrates as stabilizers on the physical characteristics andbiological stability of the spray-dried MBL powder compositions wereevaluated with functional MBL ELISA for the levels of C4 activation,with a laser zeta potentiometer for particle sizes and particle sizedistributions, and by a scanning electron microscope for particleshapes.

Four spray-dried MBL powder compositions were prepared from theircorrespondent MBL solutions, which each contains 5 μg/mL recombinantMBL, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM CaCl₂, 250 μg/mL casein, and a carbohydrate:0.4% sucrose, 0.5% lactose, 0.4% trehalose, or 0.4% pluran. The effectson biological activities were shown in FIG. 5A to 5D, by comparing theactivities of the spray-dried MBL powder compositions with theircorrespondent MBL control solutions for their abilities to activate C4in the complement system using the functional MBL ELISA as describedabove. The spray-dried MBL powder compositions which contain 0.4%sucrose (FIG. 5A) or 0.5% lactose (FIG. 5B) have nearly the samebiological activities compared to the MBL controls. However, thecompositions containing 0.4% trehalose (FIG. 5C) and 0.4% pluran (FIG.5B) suffer large losses in activity. These data establish sucrose andlactose as effective stabilizing excipients for the spray-drying MBLpowder compositions.

The particle size distributions of the spray-dried MBL powdercompositions were probed with a laser zeta potentiometer (ELS-8000,Otsuka Electronics, Japan). As shown in FIG. 6 and Table 1, thespray-dried MBL powder compositions have particle sizes ranging from1.04 to 4.00 μm. Addition of sucrose, lactose, or trehalose providesparticles with narrow particle size distributions. Addition of pluran,however, yields a broad size distribution ranging from 0.39 to 15.43 μm.It was thus concluded that addition of sucrose, lactose or trehalose toa MBL solution was more effective than that of pluran for producing MBLpowders for effective inhalation.

TABLE 1 Particle Size Distribution of the Spray-dried MBL PowderCompositions Carbohydrates Minima (mm) Maxima (μm) Mean ± S.D. (μm)Sucrose 2.18 3.18 2.57 ± 0.24 Lactose 0.85 6.16 3.32 ± 1.17 Trehalose0.23 3.32 1.04 ± 0.37 Pluran 0.39 15.43 4.00 ± 5.43

The particle shapes of the spray-dried MBL powder compositions were alsoobserved with a scanning electron microscope. As shown in FIG. 7,different carbohydrate excipients used for stabilizing MBL powdercompositions were observed to shape MBL powders into different forms.The results of the particle size distributions of the spray-dried MBLpowder composition determined by electron microscopy are also in goodagreements with these determined with a laser zeta potentiometer.

Example IV Effects of Carbohydrate Contents on the Spray-Dried MBLPowder Compositions

When carbohydrate excipients are used to enhance the stability ofspray-dried proteins, the outcome varies according to the identity andconcentration of the carbohydrate. In this example, the concentrationranges suitable for spray-drying were determined. The goals of thisexperiment were determining the effects of carbohydrate concentrationson the C4 complement activation, particle size distribution, andparticle shapes of MBL powders produced when either lactose or sucrosewas added to the MBL solution. The MBL solutions used for spray-dryingall contained 5 μg/mL recombinant MBL, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM CaCl₂, 250μg/mL casein, and a carbohydrate at a final concentration of 0.5%, 1%,2%, or 4% for sucrose, or 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, or 8% for lactose.

MBL powders prepared using different carbohydrate excipients weremeasured for their complement activation levels in the presence ofMBL-binding proteins and serine proteases using functional MBL ELISA.The results for the MBL compositions containing lactose are shown inFIG. 8A to 8D. The spray-dried MBL powder compositions show similarlevels of activity to controls for the range of lactose concentrationsfrom 0.5% to 4%; in particular, the 1% lactose formulation (FIG. 8B)shows a relatively high level of activity. The 0.5% formulationexhibited a small difference compared with controls. These resultssuggest that the lactose concentration in a MBL solution is preferablybetween 1 and 2% for obtaining an active MBL powder composition byspray-drying.

The results for the MBL compositions containing sucrose are shown inFIG. 9A to 9E. The spray-dried MBL powder compositions have similarlevels of activity to controls for the range of sucrose concentrationsfrom 0.5% to 8%; especially, the 1% (FIG. 9B) and 2% (FIG. 9C) showedrelatively high levels of activity. The 8% formulation, however,exhibited a small difference compared with controls. These resultssuggest that the sucrose concentration in the MBL solution is preferablybetween 1 and 2% for obtaining an active MBL powder composition byspray-drying.

The particle size distribution of MBL powders spray-dried at variouscarbohydrate concentrations were probed with a laser zeta potentiometer(ELS-8000, Otsuka Electronics, Japan). The results are summarized inFIGS. 10 and 11, and Tables 2 and 3. In Table 2 and 3, DV0.1 denotes theparticle diameter at 10% accumulated volume level, whereas DV0.9 denotesthe particle diameter at 90% accumulated volume level.

As shown in FIG. 10 and Table 2, the mean particle sizes range from 3.22to 8.32 μM for the spray-dried MBL powder compositions produced atvarious lactose concentrations. It is clear that an increase in theconcentration of lactose, a stabilizing excipient, was accompanied by anincrease in the particle size. A lactose concentration higher than 2% iscorresponded to a particle size larger than 5 μm. It has been known thatin order to achieve an effective delivery of spray-dried powders torespiratory tracts and lungs, the particle size should be smaller than 5μm. The above results show that incorporating the carbohydrate excipientlactose at a concentration no greater than 2% can produce a MBL powdercomposition with particle sizes effective for inhalation.

TABLE 2 Particle Size Distribution of the Spray-dried MBL PowderCompositions at Various Lactose Concentrations Carbohydrate DV0.1 DV0.9Mean ± S.D. Concentrations (μm) (μm) (μm) 0.5% Lactose 2.01 4.90 3.22 ±1.17 1.0% Lactose 2.37 7.56 4.67 ± 2.06 2.0% Lactose 2.64 13.39 7.36 ±4.31 4.0% Lactose 2.82 15.51 8.32 ± 5.35

As shown in FIG. 11 and Table 3, the mean particle sizes range from 3.52to 7.07 μm for the spray-dried MBL powder compositions produced atvarious sucrose concentrations. There was no clear correlation betweenthe concentration of sucrose, a stabilizing excipient, and the particlesize. However, a sucrose concentration higher than 4% is correlated wellwith an increase in the population of particles larger than 5 μM. It hasbeen known that in order to achieve an effective delivery of spray-driedpowders to respiratory tracts and lungs, the particle size should besmaller than 5 μm. The above results show that incorporating thecarbohydrate excipient sucrose at a concentration no greater than 4% canproduce a MBL powder composition with particle sizes effective forinhalation.

The shapes of the spray-dried MBL powder compositions produced in thepresence of various carbohydrate concentrations were observed with ascanning electron microscope (JSM-5400, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). As shown inFIGS. 12A to 12D, and 13A to 12E, the shapes of the spray-dried MBLpowder compositions approached a more globular shape as morecarbohydrate was added. The particle size also increases along withcarbohydrate concentration, as confirmed by electron microscopy. Theresults of MBL activities, particle sizes and shapes together suggestthat suitable concentrations of sucrose and lactose excipients are inthe range of 1 to 2% for producing a MBL powder composition foreffective inhalation.

TABLE 3 Particle Size Distribution of the Spray-dried MBL PowderCompositions at Various Sucrose Concentrations Carbohydrate DV0.1 DV0.9Mean ± S.D. Concentrations (μm) (μm) (μm) 0.5% Sucrose 2.28 5.32 3.52 ±1.22 1.0% Sucrose 2.68 9.56 5.83 ± 2.71 2.0% Sucrose 2.38 7.49 4.64 ±2.03 4.0% Sucrose 2.94 12.21 7.07 ± 3.61 8.0% Sucrose 2.52 9.98 5.85 ±2.94

Example V Effects of CaCl, on the Spray-Dried MBL Powder Compositions

The presence of CaCl₂ is essential for the activation of the complementsystem by MBL after binding with glycoproteins presented on themicrobial surface. In general, blood CaCl₂ level is known to be between5 and 10 mM. Since this concentration range corresponds to the levelrequired for MBL activity, there is no need for additionaladministration of CaCl₂ in vascular injections. Meanwhile, whendelivering MBL to such targets as respiratory tracts or lungs, MBL mustbe dissolved in bodily fluids of the corresponding mucosa. However,CaCl₂ levels in these fluids are not well understood; thus, addition ofCaCl₂ can be contemplated in order for inhaled MBL powder formulationsto be dissolved in such fluids and attain sufficient levels ofbiological activity.

The effects of CaCl₂ on the stability of and production processes forspray-dried MBL powders were investigated by evaluating the ability ofthe CaCl₂-containing MBL powder compositions to activate C4 in thecomplement system by using the functional MBL ELISA as described above.The MBL solutions used for spray-drying all contained 5 μg/mLrecombinant MBL, 150 mM NaCl, 2% sucrose, and CaCl₂ at a finalconcentration of 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 or 200 mM. When theconcentration of added CaCl₂ was higher than 100 mM, there was no MBLpowder compositions obtained suitable for inhalation. However, inhalableaerosols were obtainable in the CaCl₂ concentrations ranging from 10 to50 mM. There were no significant differences among the MBL powdercompositions produced from a MBL solutions containing from 10 to 50 mMCaCl₂.

Example VI Effects of a Protein Excipient on the Spray-Dried MBL PowderComposition

Various protein excipients are often used for stabilizing pharmaceuticalcompositions of protein drugs. The effects of a protein excipient,casein, on the physical characteristics and biological stability of thespray-dried MBL powder composition is investigated by functional MBLELISA for its biological activity, by a laser zeta potentiometer for itsparticle sizes and particle size distribution, and by a scanningelectron microscope for its particle shapes.

Two pairs of spray-dried MBL powder compositions were prepared. In eachpair, one composition contains casein and the other does not. The firstpair also contains sucrose and the results are shown in FIGS. 14A and14B, whereas the second pair contains lactose and their results areshown in FIGS. 15A and 15B. The spray-dried MBL powder compositionproduced with both a carbohydrate and casein is better at maintaining C4activation than the ones produced without casein. Casein is especiallyeffective when the carbohydrate excipient is lactose.

In order to establish the relationship between the particlecharacteristics of the MBL powder compositions and caseinconcentrations, a series of MBL powder compositions were prepared. Theinitial MBL solutions used for spray-drying contained 5 μg/mLrecombinant MBL, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM CaCl₂, 0.8% sucrose, and casein at afinal concentration of 0, 50, 200, 500, 1000, or 2000 μg/mL. Thespray-dried MBL powder compositions with casein were shown to be betterat maintaining their abilities for complement C4 activation than thosewithout casein, but there is no concentration dependence observed. Theparticle size distributions in the MPL powder compositions are neitherdependent on the presence of casein nor its concentrations. The particlesizes of the spray-dried MBL powder compositions were in the range of2.1 to 3.1 μm, which is suitable for aerosol inhalation.

Example VII Effects of a Polymer Excipient on the Spray-Dried MBL PowderComposition

Biodegradable polymers are widely used in the pharmaceuticalformulation. The effects of a polymer excipient on spray-dried MBLpowder compositions were evaluated mainly using functional MBL ELISA forC4 complement activation. Polyvinyl alcohol (“PVA”), a solublebio-degradable polymer, was added at a final concentration of 0.05, 0.1,0.2, 0.3 or 0.4% before drying to a series of recombinant MBL solutions,which contain 2% sucrose and 250 μg/mL casein. At PVA concentrationslower than 0.4%, C4 complement activation by spray-dried MBL powderswere almost the same as those of the MBL control solutions; C4complement activation was lower in powders compared to non-driedsolutions when PVA was added to 0.4%. These results suggest that PVA, abio-degradable polymer, is compatible as a spray-drying additive at lowconcentrations.

Example VIII Determination of Storage Stability of the Spray-Dried MBLPowder Composition

The storage stabilities of the spray-dried MBL powder compositions wereevaluated by measuring their C4 complement activation under two stressstorage conditions: at 70° C. for 2 days or 60° C. for 4 days, whichcorrespond to one year-long storage at room temperature. The MBLsolutions contained 5 μg/mL recombinant MBL, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM CaCl₂,0.05% PVA, and 2% lactose or sucrose. As shown in FIGS. 16 to 17, allspray-dried MBL powder compositions tested were able to maintain theirC4-activating activities. At room temperature, stability was maintained100% for one year; thus, the production method of the present inventionenables formulation of MBL powders without any loss of activity, andsuch powders remain active for extended periods of time.

Example IX Analysis of Binding Interactions Between the Spray-Dried MBLPowders and Microbes

Since different microbes express different glycoproteins on theirsurfaces, MBL is expected to exhibit variations in binding affinities todifferent microbes. The effects of the spray-drying process of thepresent invention on the microbial binding affinities of the MBL powdercompositions were evaluated using direct mannan-binding ELISA. Briefly,an immunoassay microplate (MAXISORP™ Immunoplate, Nunc, Denmark) werecoated with microbes at 1×10⁷, 1×10⁵, 1×10³, or 1×10¹ cells per well. Toeach well, 100 μL of MBL sample solutions at 5 μg/mL was added. Themicroplates were incubated for 2 hours at room temperature to allowbinding of MBL to the oligosaccharides on the microbial surfaces. Thereaction mixture was removed and the plates were washed 6 times withwash buffer. Anti-MBL antibody solution was prepared by a 10,000 folddilution from an anti-MBL antibody stock solution (Dobeel, Korea) with adilution buffer. The anti-MBL antibody solution (100 μL) was then addedto each well and the mixture was incubated at room temperature for anhour. After removing the reaction mixture, the plates were washed 6times with the wash buffer. Anti-mouse antibody solution (100 μL), whichwas prepared by a 10,000 fold dilution of an anti-mouse antibody-HRPconjugate stock solution (Kirkegaard & Perry Laboratories, USA) with adilution buffer, was then added to each well and the reaction mixturewas incubated for an 1 hour. After washing 6 times with the wash buffer,100 μL of TMB substrate solution (KPL, USA) was added and thecolorimetric reaction was allowed to proceed for 30 minutes. Thereaction was stopped by adding 50 μL of 3N H₂SO₄. Absorbance at 450 nmwas measured with an ELISA reader.

The dry powder MBL compositions evaluated were prepared from MBLsolutions which contain 5 μg/mL recombinant MBL, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mMCaCl₂, 0.05% PVA, and a 2% carbohydrate excipient, lactose or sucrose.FIG. 18 compares the binding affinities of the MBL control solutiontowards various microbes. FIG. 19 compares the binding affinities of twospray-dried MBL powder compositions, one with 2% lactose and the otherwith 2% sucrose and 0.05% PVA.

As shown in FIGS. 46 and 47, the non-dried MBL solution exhibited strongbinding affinities for S. aureus ATCC29213, S. aureus CCARM3197, H.influenzae ATCC51907; weak affinities for S. aureus CCARM3114 and S.pyogens ATCC8668; almost no affinity for S. epidermidis ATCC1228, S.epidermidis CCARM35048, E. faecalis ATCC51907, E. faecium CCARM5028 andK. pneumoniae ATCC10031. Such binding behaviors were similarly repeatedby the two spray-dried MBL powder compositions with excipients. Smallvariations in the binding are observed between spray-dried MBL powdercompositions and the MBL control solutions, and between MBL preparationswith different excipients, which are most likely originated fromexperimental errors.

The examples set forth above are provided to give those of ordinaryskill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how tomake and use the preferred embodiments of the compositions, and are notintended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as theirinvention. Modifications of the above-described modes for carrying outthe invention that are obvious to persons of skill in the art areintended to be within the scope of the following claims. Allpublications, patents, and patent applications cited in thisspecification are incorporated herein by reference as if each suchpublication, patent or patent application were specifically andindividually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference.

1-46. (canceled)
 47. A method for preparing a dry powder collectincomposition comprising one or more collectins, a tonicity enhancingagent, a divalent cation salt and a carbohydrate, the method comprising:(i) preparing an aqueous solution comprising one or more collectins, atonicity enhancing agent, a divalent cation salt and a carbohydrate; and(ii) spray-drying the collection solution under conditions comprising aninlet air temperature is from about 50° C. to about 220° C. and anoutlet air temperature is from about 42° C. to 120° C.
 48. The method ofclaim 47, further comprising sterilizing the collectin compositionproduced in step (i).
 49. The method of claim 47, wherein the collectingsolution comprises a carbohydrate at a concentration of from about 0.1to about 4% (w/v).
 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the carbohydrateis sucrose or lactose.
 51. The method of claim 47, the collectinsolution further comprises a protein excipient.
 52. The method of claim51, wherein the protein excipient is casein.
 53. The method of claim 47,wherein the collectin is selected from the group consisting ofmannose-binding lectin, surfactant protein A, surfactant protein D,conglutinin, collectin liver 1, collectin placenta 1, CL-43, and CL-46.54. The method of claim 53, wherein the collectin is mannose-bindinglectin (MBL).
 55. The method of claim 54, wherein the collectin is arecombinant mannose-binding lectin.
 56. The method of claim 47, whereinthe dry powder collectin composition has a particle size ranging fromabout 0.1 to about 10 micrometers.
 57. A method for treating aninfectious disease in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministrating a therapeutically effective amount of a dry powdercollectin composition comprising one or more collectins, a tonicityenhancing agent, a divalent cation salt and a carbohydrate and beingprepared according to the method of claim
 47. 58. The method of claim57, wherein the infection is caused by infectious microbes.
 59. Themethod of claim 58, wherein the infectious microbes are bacteria,viruses, fungi, or parasites.
 60. The method of claim 59, wherein thevirus has a viral envelope.
 61. The method of claim 59, wherein thevirus is human immunodeficiency viruses, influenza, adenovirus, herpesviruses, SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) corona virus, orrhinovirus.
 62. The method of claim 59, wherein the bacteria have aglycosylation pattern recognizable by a collectin.
 63. The method claim59, wherein the bacterium is Staphylcoccus aureus, Hemophilusinfluenzae, or Staphylococcus pyogens.
 64. The method of claim 59wherein the fungus has a glycosylation pattern recognizable by acollectin.
 65. The method of claim 59, wherein the fungus is Candidaalbicans.